Aldosterone deficiency causes urinary loss of sodium, chloride, and water, resulting in dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Cortisol deficiency causes altered metabolism, decreased stress tolerance, and emotional lability. Adrenal insufficiency is characterized by the decreased production of cortisol, aldosterone, and androgen. The principal mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, is important for regulating sodium levels. The principal glucocorticoid, cortisol, helps regulate blood pressure, metabolism, anti-inflammatory response, and emotional behavior. The medulla, the inner portion of the adrenal gland, is responsible for the secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine the cortex, or outer portion, is responsible for the secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgen. Adrenal insufficiency occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of hormones to support the body’s function.
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